| Biological or organic evolution takes place as a | | | | genes held in common with the recipient to |
| result of the process of natural selection affecting | | | | survive and multiply. If this is true, then the |
| a pool of normal variability within a living population. | | | | altruism of close relatives is given purpose and kin |
| This genetically based variability principally involves | | | | selection is an effective strategy. |
| the physical characteristics of the individuals who | | | | |
| make up the population, such as size, shape, | | | | There are those who believe that these ideas can |
| coloration, or susceptibility to disease. For many | | | | be transferred from animal behavioral studies to |
| years these alone were thought to be the only | | | | the more complex realm of human behavior and |
| mechanisms of evolutionary change. Animal | | | | culture, but the study of sociobiology is not |
| behavior was studied as a discipline on its own, | | | | without controversy. For example, the |
| and human behavior and human cultures were | | | | relationships between mothers and infants are |
| studied similarly in relative isolation. It has come to | | | | strong in all mammals; in some mammals and |
| be realized, however, Cartier Replica that | | | | birds pair-bonding is lifelong, but in others, in eluding |
| behavioral traits in animals and in humans may | | | | primates, are found males with harem groups and |
| under certain circumstances have profound | | | | altruistic behavior by "aunts" and "uncles" toward |
| effects on breeding patterns, mate selection, and | | | | "nephews" and "nieces." If comparisons are made |
| the survival of offspring. If this is the case, then | | | | with human kinship systems — the stuff of |
| these behavioral and, in man, cultural attributes will | | | | social anthropology — the typical pattern is that |
| affect the course of organic evolution through | | | | of monogamy (single pair bond) , with less |
| their modification of the selective processes | | | | frequency of polygon (multiple-female, single-male |
| operating on the gene pool. The study of these | | | | groups) and, occasionally, even polyandry |
| behavioral and cultural effects in relation to | | | | (multiple-male, single-female Breitling Replica |
| evolution has been termed sociobiology. | | | | groups). Unlike the animal system, however, the |
| | | | | basis of the human system may be cultural or |
| Most animal behavior is directed toward the | | | | even economic, and there appears to be no |
| reproductive advantage of the individual. | | | | correlation between cultural kinship (i, e., shared |
| Occasionally among social insects such as ants or | | | | behavior) and genetic kinship (shared genes). |
| bees, however, workers are seen not to take | | | | |
| part in reproduction, a behavior called altruistic | | | | The relationship between organic evolution and |
| with respect to the colony and its future. In other | | | | cultural evolution is complicated, sinceeach form |
| species, different forms of altruistic behavior can | | | | appears to have differing mechanisms. Culture as |
| be observed, such as "ants" sharing the rearing of | | | | a uniquely human attribute seems bound to affect |
| young; in all cases, such behavior is paradoxical | | | | the totality of humanity and through this totality |
| from the viewpoint of individual selection. It may | | | | the patterns and results of human reproductive |
| be, however, that the donor and the recipient of | | | | behavior; this, in turn, must affect the human |
| this type of behavior share a larger number of | | | | gene pool and the selective processes that act |
| genes or gene types than previously had been | | | | upon it, which is the essence of human evolution. |
| believed, so that the "sacrifice" ‘may help the | | | | |